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Course Co-ordinated by
IIT Kanpur
NPTEL
>> Metallurgy and Material Science >> Electroceramics (Web) >>
Overview
Modules / Lectures
Introduction
Overview
Table of Contents
General Bibliography
Structure of Ceramic Materials
Brief Review of Structure in Materials
Point Lattice
Unit Cell
Motif and Crystal Structure
Types of Lattice
Symmetry in Crystals
Crystal Systems
Bravais Lattices
Planes and Directions
A Brief Review of Bonding in Materials
Primary Bonding
Secondary Bonding
Bonding, Bond Energy and General Remarks
Packing of Atoms in Metals
Simple Cubic Structure
Body Centered Cubic or BCC Structure
Closed Packed Structures
Interstices in Structures
Interstices in FCC Structure
Interstices in BCC Structures
Structure of Covalent Ceramics
Diamond Cubic Structure
Structure of Graphite
Ionically Bonded Ceramic Structures
Pauling’s Rules
Bond strength
Compounds based on FCC Packing of Ions
Rocksalt Structure
Antifluorite and Fluorite Structures
Zinc Blende (MX) Structure
Spinel Structure
Other Cubic Structures
Perovskite (ABO3) Structure
Rhenium Trioxide Structure
CsCl Structure
Orthogonal Structures
Yttrium Barium Copper Oxide or YBCO
Lanthanum Strontium Copper Oxide
Structures based on HCP Packing of Ions
Wurtzite (MX) structured compounds
Corundum Structured Compounds
Ilmenite Structure
Lithium Niobate Structure
Rutile Structure
Summary
Defect Chemistry and Defect Equilibria
Introduction
Point Defects
Kroger–Vink notation in a metal oxide, (MO)
Defect Reactions
Defect Structures in Stoichiometric Oxides
Schottky Disorder
Frenkel Disorder
Intrinsic Ionization
Defect Structures in Non - Stoichiometric Oxides
Oxygen Deficient Oxides
Metal Deficient Oxides
Dissolution of Foreign Cations in an Oxide
Case-1: Parent oxide is MO
Concentration of Intrinsic Defects
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Defects
Intrinsic behavior
Extrinsic behavior
Example
Units for Defect Concentration
Defect Equilibria
Thermodynamics of Defect Reactions
Defect Equilibria in Stoichiometric Oxides
Schottky Defects
Frenkel defects
Defect Equilibria in Non-Stoichiometric Oxides
Oxygen Deficient Oxides
Metal Deficient Oxides
Intrinsic Ionization
Defect Structures involving Oxygen Vacancies and Interstitials
Limiting Conditions
Defect Equilibrium Diagram
Frenkel defects dominating at stoichiometric composition
Intrinsic ionization dominating at stoichiometric composition
A Simple General Procedure for Constructing a Brouwer\'s Diagram
Extent of Non-Stoichiometry
Example: Comparative Behavior of Titanium Dioxide and Magnesium Oxide vis-ŕ-vis Oxygen Pressure
Electronic Disorder
For a Pure or Intrinsic Compound (semiconductor or insulator)
Examples
Intrinsic electronic and ionic defect concentrations in MgO
Role of Donor and Acceptors
Electronic vs Ionic Compensation of Solutes
Point Defects and Crystal Density in Zirconium Dioxide when doped with Calcium Oxide
Summary of Defect Chemistry and Defect Equilibria
Defects, Diffusion and Conduction in Ceramics
Introduction
Diffusion
Diffusion Kinetics
First Law of Diffusion of Fick
Second Law of Diffusion of Fick
Diffusivity: A Simple Model
Temperature Dependence of Diffusivity
Examples of Diffusion in Ceramics
Diffusion in lightly doped NaCl
Mobility and Diffusivity
Analogue to the Electrical Properties
Conduction in Ceramics vis-ŕ-vis metallic conductors: General Information
Ionic Conduction: Basic Facts
Ionic and Electronic Conductivity
Total conductivity and Transference Number
Characteristics of Ionic Conduction
Theory of Ionic Conduction
Conduction in Glasses
Molten Silicates
Fast Ion Conductors
Examples of Ionic Conduction
Cobalt oxide and Nickel oxide: p-type Conductors
Mixed electronic ionic conduction in MgO
Ionic conduction in cubic Zirconium Dioxide
Conductivity in Strontium Titanate
Electrochemical Potential
Nernst Equation and Application of Ionic Conductors
Example
Examples of Ionic Conductors in Engineering Applications
Varistors or Voltage Dependent Resistors
Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC)
Oxygen Sensors in Automobile Exhaust
Summary of Defects, Diffusion and Conduction in Ceramics
Dielectric Ceramics: Basic Principles
Introduction
Basic Properties: Dielectrics in DC Electric Field
Electric Dipole
Polarization and Surface Charge
Dielectric Displacement and Susceptibility
Polarization Charges
Mechanisms of Polarization
Microscopic Approach
Determination of Local Field
Analysis of the Lorentz Field (newly added)
Analytical Treatment of Polarizability
Electronic Polarization
Ionic Polarization
Dipolar or Orientation Polarization
Effect of Alternating Field on the Behavior of a Dielectric Material
Behavior of an Ideal Dielectric
Power Dissipation in an Ideal Dielectric
Behavior of Real Dielectrics
Power Dissipation in a Real Dielectric
Frequency Dependence of Dielectric Properties: Resonance
Description of Ionic and Electronic Phenomenon
Microscopic Examination of Polarizability
Dipolar Relaxation i.e. Debye Relaxation in Polar Solids
Bi-stable model for dipolar relaxation
Solution of relaxation equations
Complete Picture of Frequency Dependence of the Dielectric Constant
Circuit Representation of a Dielectric and Impedance Analysis
Impedance Spectroscopy
Dielectric Breakdown
Basic mechanisms of breakdown
Intrinsic Breakdown
Thermal Breakdown
Avalanche Breakdown
Summary of Dielectric Ceramics: Basic Principles
Nonlinear Dielectrics
Introduction
Classification based on Crystal Classes
Ferroelectric Ceramics
Permanent Dipole Moment and Polarization
Principle of Ferroelectricity: Energetics
Proof of Curie-Weiss Law
Thermodyanamic Basis of Ferroelectric Phase Transitions
Case I: Second order Transition
Case – II: First Order Transition
Ferroelectric Domains
Analytical treatment of domain wall energy
Ferroelectric Switching and Domains
Measurement of Hysteresis Loop
Structural change and ferroelectricity in Barium Titanate
Applications of Ferroelectrics
Piezoelectric Ceramics
Direct Piezoelectric Effect
Reverse or Converse Piezoelectric Effect
Poling of Piezoelectric Materials
Depolarization of Piezoelectrics
Common PIezoelectric Materials
Measurement of Piezoelectric Properties
Applications of Piezoelectric Ceramics
Pyroelectric Ceramics
Difference between Pyroelectric and Ferroelectric Material
Theory of Piezoelectric Materials
Measurement of Pyroelectric Coefficient
Direct and Indirect Effect
Common Pyroelectric Materials
Common Applications
Summary of Nonlinear Dielectrics
Magnetic Ceramics
Introduction
Magnetic Moments
Orbital Moment
Spin Moment
Net Magnetic Moment
Macroscopic view of Magnetization
Classification of Magnetism
Diamagnetism
Paramagnetism
Ferromagnetism
Basic Characteristics
Domain Movement in Ferromagnetic Materials
Domain Walls
Molecular Field Theory
Antiferromagnetic Materials
Ferrimagnetic Materials
A Comparison
Magnetic Losses and Frequency Dependence
Magnetic Losses
Frequency Response of Permeability
Magnetic Ferrites
Cubic Spinel Ferrites
Hexagonal Ferrites
Garnets
Properties of Ferrite Ceramics
Applications of Magnetic Ceramics
Summary of Magnetic Ceramics
High temperature Superconductors
Introduction
Background
Meissner Effect
The Critical Field, Hc
Theory of Superconductivity
Experimental Validation
Discovery of High Temperature Superconductivity
Mechanism of High Temperature Superconductivity
Applications
Summary of High temperature Superconductors
Multiferroic and Magnetoelectric Ceramics
Introduction
Ferroic Material
Historical Perspective
Requirements of a Magnetoelectric and Multiferroic Material
Magnetoelectric Coupling
Type I Multiferroics
Bismuth Ferrite
Bismuth Manganite
Hexagonal Manganites
Type II Multiferroics
Two Phase Materials
Summary of Multiferroic and Magnetoelectric Ceramics
Synthesis Methods
Introduction
Bulk Preparation Methods
Selection of Raw Materials
Powder Preparation
Calcination
Shaping
Densification and Finishing
Thin Film Preparation Methods
Magnetron Sputtering
Pulsed Laser Ablation
MBE Processes
Chemical Solution Deposition
Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) Processes
Liquid Phase Epitaxy (LPE)
Thin film deposition: Issues
Deposition Temperature and Orientation
Phase Stability and Stoichiometry Control
Substrate Effects
Structure and Morphology
Summary of Synthesis Methods
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